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READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Fragrant memories

The scent of perfume or the musty smell of an old suitcase can set off powerful childhood memories, and now we are closer to knowing why, writes Alexandra Witze.

Readers probably pay more attention to a newspaper with their eyes than with their noses, but they may find that if they lift the paper to their nostrils and inhale, the smell of newsprint might carry them back to their childhood, particularly if their parents were in the habit of reading the newspaper on Sunday mornings. Smells can take us back in time: the aroma of baking bread, the pungency of a driftwood campfire on a beach, the salty tang of the sea can imitate a flood of reminiscences. Psychologists call it the 'Proustian phenomenon', after the French novelist Marcel Proust. Near the beginning of the masterpiece In Search of Lost Time, Proust's narrator dips a madeleine cake into a cup of tea, and the scent and taste release a torrent of childhood memories, enough to fill 3,000 pages. This phenomenon is now getting scientific attention.

Psychologists such as Rachel Herz, a cognitive neuroscientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, have demonstrated that memories triggered by smells can be more emotional than memories related to other senses. When we inhale, odour molecules activate the brain cells in the amygdala, a part of the brain that helps control emotion. In contrast, the other senses, such as taste or touch, get directed through other parts of the brain before reaching the amygdala.

The direct link between odours and the amygdala may help explain the emotional potency of smells. There is this unique connection between the sense of smell and the part of the brain that processes emotion,' says Herz.

In one recent study Herz recruited five volunteers who had vivid memories of people and events associated with a particular perfume. She took images of the volunteers' brains as they sniffed that perfume and also another perfume without knowing which was which. Next, the volunteers were shown photos of both people and further brain images were taken. Herz found that smelling the specified perfume activated the volunteers' brains far more than the visual images did.>> tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

To make sure the other senses would not also elicit a strong response, Herz compared smells with sounds and pictures in another study. She had 70 subjects compare smells with sounds and pictures in another study. She had 70. subjects describe an emotional memory involving items such as popcorn and grass that had been freshly cut. They then compared the items through sights, sounds and smells. For instance, the person might see a picture of a lawnmower, then sniff the scent of grass, then finally listen to the lawnmower's sound. Memories triggered by smell were recorded as evoking more emotions than those sparked by sights or sounds.

Herz's work is just one of many studies now delving into the link between smell and memory. Other researchers are exploring how this powerful connection forms in the first place. Some believe that the key to the Proustian phenomenon is that smells serve as effective contextual cues. When we first encounter an odour, we tend to associate it with a specific event or moment. Later, when we smell that same odour again, it helps us recall the original context with surprising clarity.

This process is thought to be highly effective because, unlike other senses, our olfactory system has a strong and direct anatomical connection to the hippocampus and the amygdala, brain regions deeply involved in emotion and memory formation. This direct pathway allows scent to act as a potent trigger, unlocking memories that might otherwise remain dormant.

Questions 14–19

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Research into the 'Proustian phenomenon' suggests that smells can trigger powerful 14...................... . When we smell something, the odour molecules stimulate brain cells in the 15......................, which is responsible for emotion. This direct link is not shared by other senses, like 16...................... or touch, which are processed elsewhere first. In one experiment, Herz found that a specific 17...................... activated the brain more than visual images. Further studies compared smells with 18...................... and pictures, concluding that memories cued by smell were more 19...................... .

Questions 20–26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Marcel Proust was a psychologist who studied the connection between smell and memory.

2. The narrator in Proust's novel is reminded of his childhood by the smell of a madeleine cake.

3. Herz's study involved volunteers who all had strong memories linked to a particular perfume.

4. In Herz's first study, the volunteers knew which perfume was being tested.

5. Herz's research compared the emotional impact of smells, sounds, and pictures.

6. Some researchers think smells are effective because they act as contextual cues.

7. The olfactory system is directly linked to parts of the brain that handle emotion and memory.

14. memories
15. amygdala
16. taste
17. perfume
18. sounds
19. emotional
20. FALSE
21. TRUE
22. TRUE
23. FALSE
24. TRUE
25. TRUE
26. TRUE

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