IELTS TUTOR cung cấp Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI] Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm đáp án, dịch & giải thích từ vựng - cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó & GIẢI ĐÁP ÁN VỚI LOCATION
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III. Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]: Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test)
Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]
A
Jellyfish have become the curse of beach holidays, permeating every ocean on the globe, thriving in the Arctic and the tropics. [TSI] In an ever-changing world where other species struggle to endure, jellyfish populations are on the rise.
To the untrained eye, these creatures drift aimlessly on the oceans' currents and appear benign. In addition, they lack sharp claws, piercing teeth or even a brain. Despite this, they are armed with an amazing arsenal of weapons, especially the stinging power of their tentacles. As a result, jellyfish are among the most-feared, least-understood creatures in the seas.
B
According to Dr Monty Graham, a jellyfish scientist at the University of South Alabama, US, 'Jellyfish are a pretty good group of animals to track coastal ecosystems. [TSI] When you start to see jellyfish numbers grow, that usually indicates a stressed system. While populations appear to be down this year, Dr Graham sees 'a statistically solid increase over the longer term.
This increase first gained attention in the 1980s when a huge number of jellyfish, Atlantic Ocean natives named Mnemiopsis leidyi, devastated the Black Sea, an ecosystem already weakened by overfishing of anchovies. Scientists believe that this species of jellyfish came in on the bottom of a ship and then rapidly multiplied, feeding on anchovy eggs and the plankton that young fish rely on.
C
Dense jellyfish aggregations can be a natural feature of healthy ocean ecosystems, but a clear picture is now emerging of more severe and frequent jellyfish outbreaks worldwide. [TSI] Dr Anthony Richardson, from the University of Queensland, Australia, explains that once jellyfish gain a foothold, if conditions are right they can establish a massive population at the expense of other ocean life. The problem is that parts of the ocean might switch from being dominated by fish to being dominated by jellyfish.>> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
D
A study done by Richardson and his colleagues explores the causes behind jellyfish infestation, and the need for swift, decisive action to stem jellyfish takeover. [TSI] Jellyfish outbreaks are linked directly to human actions, including overfishing, the input of fertilizer and sewage into the ocean, and climate change.
Overfishing has removed fish from marine ecosystems at astounding rates. According to Richardson, this has made it possible for jellyfish to take their place. This is because small fish appear to keep jellyfish in check by predation (on jellyfish when they are very small) and competition (when feeding). So, once we remove fish, jellyfish can proliferate.
Eutrophication is another human-caused change in the ocean that has likely contributed to jellyfish explosions. Eutrophication is an increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean, largely caused by fertilizer and waste run-off. This leads to algae blooms, which lower oxygen in the marine ecosystem, creating so-called 'dead zones', which have been increasing dramatically around the world. According to Richardson, these low-oxygen waters give jellyfish the advantage. 'Fish avoid low-oxygen waters but jellyfish, having lower oxygen demands, not only survive but can thrive in these conditions as there is less predation and competition from fish.'
E
Furthermore, Richardson and his colleagues speculate that climate change may expand the traditional geographical range of jellyfish. [TSI] 'As water warms, tropical species are moving towards the poles. Many venomous jellyfish species are tropical and could move into more densely populated subtropical and temperate regions.'
F
Once jellyfish appear en masse in an ecosystem they can make it very difficult for fish to stage a comeback. By feeding on fish eggs, the jellyfish successfully prevent fish from returning to their normal population numbers, says Richardson. [TSI] One can thus think of two alternate states with each being stable: one dominated by fish and the other by jellyfish. Unfortunately, where there is a jellyfish-dominated state then this does not support the nutritional needs of other fish, marine mammals, and seabirds. In other words an ecosystem that loses fish also loses the species that depend on fish for survival.>> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?
This state has been defined as a 'monoculture of jellyfish', an apt analogy since the situation shares similarities with other monocultures. When the rich biodiversity of tropical forests is replaced by plantations growing a single species of tree, an area of rich variety becomes a desert in terms of biodiversity, as do ocean ecosystems when jellyfish become the dominant species.
One result of large jellyfish populations is the economic effect it has had on the fishing industry. In the Gulf of Mexico, shrimp fishermen are struggling with a jellyfish boom that fills nets, causing them to break and resulting in millions of dollars in losses.
G
Experts say that a greater understanding of jellyfish, including their ideal water temperature and feeding habits, is necessary to determine with certainty what is causing the recent massive invasion, and to come up with ways to combat it.
Due to the difficulty of turning ecosystems around once jellyfish have become dominant, Richardson and his colleagues propose focusing on 'prevention rather than cure'. [TSI] They recommend a halt to overfishing small fish that are vital to keeping jellyfish in check, reducing the amount of fertilizer and sewage running off into the oceans, and finally, if possible, confronting climate change.
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Questions 14-27
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 a prediction as to the direction in which the jellyfish population may spread
15 a description of some physical characteristics of jellyfish
16 an account of the consequences of jellyfish as lone survivors
17 suggestions on how to avoid further jellyfish invasions
Questions 18 and 19
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 18 and 19 on your answer sheet.
The list below gives some effects that jellyfish have had on the world.
Which TWO of these effects are mentioned by the writer of the text?
A They have damaged the tourism industry in some areas.
B They have led to a reduction in the oceans' oxygen levels.
C They have contributed to the decline in the Black Sea anchovy population.
D They have caused the shrimp business in the Gulf of Mexico to shut down.
E They have created financial hardship in the fishing industry.
Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following are possible causes of an increase in jellyfish numbers?
A the dumping of chemicals into the oceans
B a shortage of small fish in the oceans
C a decrease in seabird populations
D a decline in biodiversity in the oceans
E more competition among other fish in the oceans>> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]
Questions 22-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 Some fish in the oceans may be unable to sustain their population as the jellyfish eat their......
23 The state of jellyfish becoming the main ocean species has been named......
24 Increasing numbers of jellyfish can damage...... used for commercial fishing.
25 Understanding basic facts about jellyfish, such as the...... of the ocean which suits them best, may help control their numbers.
26 Richardson believes it is better to direct attention to...... instead of just trying to solve existing problems.
IV. Dịch bài đọc Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]
V. Giải thích từ vựng Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]
VI. Giải thích cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]
VII. Đáp án Jellyfish - The Dominant Species [TSI]
14 E
15 A
16 F
17 G
18–19
18 C
19 E
20–21
20 B
21 A
22–26
22 fish eggs
23 monoculture of jellyfish
24 nets
25 water temperature
26 prevention
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