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I. Kiến thức liên quan
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III. Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province: Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province
By tradition land in Luapula Province is not owned by individuals, but, as in many other parts of Africa, is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, a single family group cannot take on a very large area, so land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. However, that situation has already changed near the main towns, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the river valley. In both these areas, registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.
Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula Province is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are pollarded (pollarding: removing the tops of tree branches) rather than felled, so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of land of varying size early in the dry season, and then stacked to dry out. The wood is fired before the onset of the rains, and the resulting ash is spread over the surface. The first crop is used to brew local drinks such as cipumu, which contribute several vitamins of the B complex to people's diet. Cipumu is also used in cementing reciprocal working relationships (Pottier 1985).
During the second year, and possibly for a few years more, the area is planted with various combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, beans, and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with the vegetable cassava, which is often planted next to the last crop before this is harvested. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labour; men and women perform different tasks. The men stake out plots in an unobtrusive manner, since it is considered provocative towards one's neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is also the men's province. Branches are then stacked by women, and fired by men. Women and men cooperate in the planting work, but the weeding is usually done by women. Harvesting is a communal activity.
In areas where there are insufficient trees to support the citemene system, farmers practise a system known as fundikila. This involves piling up grass and weeds into mounds, which are then burned to produce ash. Crops are planted directly into these mounds. This method is less productive than citemene but allows cultivation to continue in relatively treeless areas.
Livestock also plays a role in traditional farming. Chickens are kept by most households and provide both eggs and meat, though they are usually reserved for special occasions or for sale when cash is needed. Goats are less common but are valued for their milk and as a form of savings. Cattle are rarely kept in Luapula Province because of the presence of tsetse flies, which carry diseases fatal to cattle. Pigs are kept by some families, but they are not popular among all ethnic groups.
Fish from the rivers and swamps is an important source of protein. Many families supplement their income by selling dried or smoked fish at local markets. However, overfishing in some areas has become a concern, and there are ongoing efforts to promote more sustainable fishing practices.
The future of traditional farming in Luapula Province is uncertain. Population growth, climate change, and the spread of commercial agriculture are all putting pressure on established systems. Nevertheless, many farmers continue to value the flexibility and sustainability of traditional methods, and researchers are working to understand how these systems can be adapted to modern conditions.
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Questions 1–5
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.
1 In Luapula Province, land has traditionally been given to people on the basis of _______________.
2 The citemene system involves planting crops in the _______________ of wood.
3 In the citemene system, _______________ is the last crop to be planted.
4 In areas without trees, crops are planted in a system called _______________.
5 If conditions are right, fruit trees may be planted near _______________.
Questions 6–9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6–9) and the list of animals below.
Match each statement with the correct animal, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 6–9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of Animals
| A | Chickens |
| B | Goats |
| C | Cattle |
6 They yield the biggest profits for farmers.
7 They may be consumed on special occasions.
8 Because of insect pests they do not thrive.
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Questions 10–13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10–13 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | if there is no information on this |
10 Land ownership in Luapula Province is traditionally based on registered titles.
11 The cipumu drink is rich in B complex vitamins.
12 Men and women share equal responsibility for all farming tasks in the citemene system.
13 Overfishing has become a problem in some parts of Luapula Province.
IV. Dịch bài đọc Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province
V. Giải thích từ vựng Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province
VI. Giải thích cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province
VII. Đáp án Traditional Farming in Zambia's Luapula Province
ANSWER KEY
Questions 1–5
1. need
2. ashes
3. cassava
4. fundikila
5. homesteads / houses
Questions 6–9
6. NOT GIVEN (no information about which animal yields biggest profits)
7. A
8. C
9. NOT GIVEN (fish is preserved and sold, but not listed as A, B or C)
Questions 10–13
10. FALSE
11. TRUE
12. FALSE
13. TRUE
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