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III. War of the Plants: Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test)
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
War of the Plants
Professor John Lovett from New England University, Australia, describes some of the ways in which plants ensure their own survival.
A The general perception of plants is that they are defenceless when faced with threat from animals (including man), insects and other plants. This, however, is not the case. Plants are able to defend themselves against attack from their environment in many ways. There are two major features of plants that ensure their continuation as species. One of these relates to their physical attributes. Spinifex grass, a plant native to Australia, provides a notable example. Adapted to life in the hot, desert inland, spinifex has developed tightly rolled leaves which reduce the effects of drought stress. The hairs, or trichomes, which are found on the inner surface of the rolled-up spinifex leaf are believed to assist in minimising water loss. Trichomes also have defensive roles against predators. Many plants, such as the sunflower, have hairy leaves which are rough to the touch. When the plant is bitten by a grazing animal, the sensation is unpleasant on the tongue and the animal normally moves on to find more palatable food.
B Some plants have taken physical defence a step further. The stinging nettle, for example, is covered in hollow hairs called trichomes. However, unlike the harmless hairs of the sunflower, these trichomes resemble miniature hypodermic syringes. An irritant chemical is stored at the base of the 'syringe'. If an animal touches it, a shot of the chemical is discharged through the 'needle' and into the skin of the animal. The irritation the chemical causes is a deterrent against future threat. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
C The poisons and glues of the Solanaceae and the irritant of the nettle indicate the other major method of plant survival: that some plants use chemicals to protect themselves, sometimes from each other. Chemical interactions that occur between plants are known as 'allelopathy', and in natural plant communities it is one of many factors which determine how plants grow in relation to one another. An example in Australia is the suppression of vegetation growth beneath eucalypt trees, an effect which decreases with increasing distance from the trunk of the tree.
D Eucalypts release chemical compounds from their leaves and roots into the surrounding soil. These compounds, known as allelochemicals, inhibit the germination and growth of competing plant species. This gives eucalypts a competitive advantage, allowing them to dominate large areas of the Australian landscape. Scientists have identified several different allelochemicals produced by eucalypts, including phenols and terpenes. These chemicals can persist in the soil for many months, continuing to suppress rivals long after the leaves that produced them have fallen.
E Another remarkable example of chemical defence is found in the acacia tree. When grazing animals such as giraffes or kudus begin to eat acacia leaves, the tree responds by producing tannins. These chemicals make the leaves taste bitter and difficult to digest. Even more remarkably, acacias communicate with one another. When one tree comes under attack, it releases ethylene gas into the air. Nearby acacias detect this gas and begin producing tannins themselves, before the grazing animals reach them. This sophisticated warning system demonstrates that plants are far from passive organisms.
F Some plants have developed chemical weapons specifically targeting other plants. Black walnut trees, for instance, produce a chemical called juglone, which is released from their roots into the soil. Juglone is highly toxic to many other plant species, including tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers. As a result, areas around black walnut trees are often bare of vegetation, a phenomenon known as 'walnut wilt'. This chemical warfare allows black walnuts to eliminate competition for water and nutrients. >> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]
G Humans have long exploited plant defences for their own purposes. Many of our most important medicines, including aspirin, morphine, and quinine, are derived from plant defensive chemicals. Similarly, spices such as chilli, black pepper, and mustard owe their pungency to compounds that plants evolved to deter insects and fungi. Understanding plant defence mechanisms is not only fascinating but also has practical applications in agriculture and medicine. As Professor Lovett notes, 'The war of the plants has been raging for millions of years, and we are only beginning to understand its strategies and weapons.'
Questions 14–19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–G, in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
14 an example of plants communicating with each other
15 a reference to the length of time plant defence has been occurring
16 a description of the role of trichomes in reducing water loss
17 the name given to chemical interactions between plants
18 an example of a plant that releases chemicals from its roots to poison other plants
19 the medicinal uses of plant defence chemicals >> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?
Questions 20–23
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20–23 on your answer sheet.
20 The hairs on the leaves of the sunflower are described as being _______________ to the touch.
21 The stinging nettle's trichomes contain an _______________ chemical at their base.
22 The suppression of growth beneath eucalypt trees is an example of _______________.
23 Acacias produce _______________ to make their leaves taste bitter when under attack.
Questions 24–26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 24–26 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | if there is no information on this |
24 Spinifex grass is found in many parts of Australia outside the desert.
25 The juglone produced by black walnut trees is harmless to most garden vegetables.
26 Aspirin is derived from a plant defensive chemical.
IV. Dịch bài đọc War of the Plants
V. Giải thích từ vựng War of the Plants
VI. Giải thích cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó War of the Plants
VII. Đáp án War of the Plants
14. E
15. G
16. A
17. C
18. F
19. G
20. rough
21. irritant
22. allelopathy
23. tannins
24. NOT GIVEN
25. FALSE
26. TRUE
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