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Intelligent Behaviour in Birds

Many people are aware of the intelligence of chimpanzees and other mammals. However, birds also demonstrate intelligent behaviour.

For centuries, many scholars maintained that humans were the only intelligent organism on Earth. Many were considered to be exclusively human examples of acumen – for example, language, tools, deception, awareness of self and others. However, exciting new research on a number of animals, particularly birds, has called into question the uniqueness of these traits, forcing us to reconsider this opinion. In 1984, people were amazed when Jane Goodall first discovered chimpanzees making and using tools. But ornithologists, people who study birds, were not overly surprised. Almost 20 years later, noted ornithologists had shown that tool use was commonplace in populations of woodpecker finches residing on the Galápagos Islands. These tiny birds routinely used twigs to extract grubs from under bark.

Since then, the catalogue of tool-using animals has grown. At least three Australian bird species make tools similar to those of the woodpecker finch, and when white-winged choughs come across shellfish they have been known to use rocks as hammers to crack open the shells. Other birds show a more sophisticated level of insight. For example, black kites have been reported dropping bait into lakes to bring fish to the surface of the water, thereby making them easier to catch. Kites may also pick up a smouldering stick from an area recently burned by a bushfire and drop the stick on a patch of unburned grass. The bird then feasts on the small animals that flee from the subsequent fire. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Most tool-using behaviours are a means of extracting food, which may provide a clue as to how the mentalities needed for tools evolved. The predominant explanation based on the principle that necessity is the mother of invention: energy-expensive animals should have evolved only the necessary intellectual capabilities required to overcome the challenges they face in their environment. Consider a hypothetical duck grazing on a seemingly endless supply of grass. Being particularly intelligent will not help the duck eat more grass. In contrast, other species, such as birds of prey, live in a more challenging environment, where food may be erratically distributed, hidden from view, or highly mobile. The food it may be quite intelligent. So, if there are not enough resources to feed all individuals, then only the smartest in each generation will live and reproduce.

New Caledonian crows boast many different tools in their toolkit. They use hooked tools made by removing all but one of the side branches from a twig. They fashion serrated rakes (using their beaks as scissors) from stiff, leathery pandanus leaves. They also make probes by modifying their own moulted feathers. Each tool is used in slightly different ways to pull grubs from deep within tree trunks. The crows carry their favourite tool from a foraging site to the next. They also store their tools for later re-use in a secure place on their perch. Problem-solving abilities have traditionally been thought to be beyond the reach of animals. Nevertheless, birds are coming up with innovative solutions all the time. Recently, New Caledonian crows were observed moulding a piece of wire, something they had never seen before, into a hook and then using it to retrieve food.

Literally hundreds of such reports have accumulated in back copies of scientific journals. Recently, a team of biologists from McGill University in Canada collated them and compared the frequency and size of innovations with the size of the birds’ forebrain (the brain region responsible for higher-order information processing) relative to the hindbrain. The team uncovered a clear relationship: birds with relatively large forebrains are able to invent solutions to ecological challenges, and to exploit the discoveries and inventions of others, more often than birds with relatively small forebrains.

Intelligence in birds may also be a result of selection to overcome the social challenges of communal living. Since this involves competition between group members, to be successful, a bird may need to be able to reflect on its own intentions, as well as those of others. The consequence of being part of a community may be the evolution of a distinctly political brain.

What better way to exercise a political brain than to be deceitful? Perhaps the best example of deception among birds comes from the white-winged chough. Choughs are cooperative breeders – that is, they form a communal group consisting of one breeding pair and up to 15 non-breeding helpers. However, because young choughs have little enthusiasm for foraging or gathering food, they are often too hungry to help. And because it is socially unacceptable to be part of a group and not provide help, young choughs can act deceptively. For example, when an adult is watching, a young chough will place some food in the mouth of a hungry chick – but it does not release the food; instead, it waits until the adult departs and then eats it. A chough can also help the group by preening the chicks, seemingly more likely to preen the chicks if another bird can see it do so. A chough that has been sitting totally on the nest while the rest of the group is foraging out of sight will conspicuously spring up and frantically start to preen the chicks as soon as some of its group members come into view. It is likely that these young choughs are only motivated to help when others are watching because they are concerned about their social status. Choughs need other choughs to like them as they cannot breed without them.

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Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings
i. The theory linking capacity for tool use in birds and survival
ii. The influence of humans on tool use
iii. The theory linking cognitive ability and living environment
iv. Reviewing long-held beliefs
v. Intelligence helps birds to remember
vi. How some birds trick each other
vii. Physiological evidence of bird intelligence
viii. Several examples of birds who use tools
ix. One species, multiple tool-using techniques

1. Paragraph A

2. Paragraph B

3. Paragraph C

4. Paragraph D

5. Paragraph E

6. Paragraph F

7. Paragraph G

Questions 21-25
Match each characteristic with the correct bird, A, B, or C.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C, in boxes 21-25.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of Birds
A. White-winged chough
B. New Caledonian crow
C. Black kite

1. keeping tools that they like to use

2. drawing out their prey by using twigs

3. the use of tools to remove the outer covering from food

4. using food to attract their prey

5. the use of unfamiliar material to make a tool

6. engaging in certain activities for show

14. iv

15. viii

16. iii

17. ix

18. vii

19. i

20. vi

21. B

22. B

23. A

24. C

25. B

26. A
 

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