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Reading Passage: Native species that become pests

The disastrous consequences offoxes, cane toads and other introduced animals coming to Australia are well known. But problems also occur when Australia 's own native species spreadfrom one region to another, moving beyond the areas where they have always lived.

Mud snails were first detected in the Swan River in Perth, Western Australia in 1954, and this was only in the river's lower areas. Since then their numbers have exploded and they now crowd the river bed in densities of up to 400 per square metre. This species is native to Australia but its natural range is more than 3000km away in eastern Australia. Due to the snail 's success, the river beds in the Swan River, which were once covered in natural vegetation, are now under threat by increased levels of seaweed. Before the snail arrived, the river had few hard surfaces on which small seaweeds could grow. Now, healthy vegetation is being pulled up by snails and the riverbed is covered by seaweed that is carried in snail shells and is released at the rate of 433 million fragments a day. Furthermore, snail waste is thought to be aggravating the situation by having the effect of a fertiliser on the seaweed.

Species are often moved unintentionally. Mud snails are thought to have travelled on live oysters taken from eastern Australia to the west of the country and stored in the Swan River before use. Northern Queensland frogs regularly travel south inside bunches of bananas. Researchers estimate that more than 6000 of these reach the state of Victoria each year, although the only lasting impact observed so far is a colony of dwarf tree frogs that live in a flooded quarry near Melbourne, Victoria. Similarly, spiders relocate in construction supplies, while lizards move with firewood. It is not just animals that are relocated inadvertently; seeds from the centre of the country often reach the coast aboard cattle trains.

Other animals have extended their ranges by themselves because changes to landscapes have suited them. Waterbirds arrive wherever dams are put in, bats find abandoned mines, and orchard swallowtail butterflies locate citrus trees that are planted near farm homes. Many of the birds now found in Australia's capital cities did not live in large cities in the past. Writing of the crested pigeon in 1865, naturalist John Gould regretted that 'being exclusively an inhabitant of the plains of the interior, it can never become an object of general observation'. Today, crested pigeons can be found in abundance in the middle of the coastal city of Sydney.>> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Some species have been moved deliberately. The kookaburra is a famousAustralian bird, which is found in many parts of the continent. Long ago these birds were taken well beyond the areas where they had always lived, for the purpose of exterminating snakes. Following concern that the platypus, an unusual Australian water mammal, was declining in number on the mainland, this species was introduced to a national park on an island off the south coast in the 1920s. Vast numbers of plants have also been cultivated in areas where they did not originally grow.

There is no database of this movement and tracing species' existence and migration patterns can be difficult. For example, it is widely known that the venomous redback spider, common throughout Australia, lives close to humans in sheds and under outdoor furniture but is seldom seen in forests. Spider authority, Robert Raven, has wondered why this species went undiscovered until 1870, by which time 200 other Australian spiders had been named. Redbacks were hardly mentioned by early travellers and naturalists, and rarely feature in Aboriginal legends and languages. This led Raven to suspect that redbacks had been introduced to Australia from abroad. However, a mention of black-and-red spiders in South Australia was recently found in an 1850 book, and the thinking today is that redbacks are actually native to Australia's south-west, and were later introduced eastwards.

Species on the move within Australia present an environmental challenge. Although many animals and plants are thought of as native toAustralia, Australia is a continent and one of the world's largest countries. If it were divided, like Europe, into smaller countries, those snails and kookaburras in Perth would count as foreign. 'Foreign' may not be the correct word, but the mud snails in Perth qualify as an introduced species and feral pest. The colourful rainbow lorikeets around Perth, descended from cage birds that managed to win their freedom, have been declared a state pest for the damage they do to stone fruits and other crops.

Birds and bats that travel under their own wings are not usually thought of as introduced, although those that cross the sea are sometimes called 'self-introduced'. Some of these movements take place without any cause for concern. No-one speaks badly about crested pigeons and butterflies thriving in new locations. Everyone likes the white terns, birds which colonised Lord Howe Island after finding that its pine trees offer good nesting sites for their chicks. But many arrivals do acquire a bad name. Eradication campaigns are organised in Western Australia whenever Queensland fruit flies turn up, as they did in 1989 and 2016, probably via smuggled fruit; they are also a problem in other states. Redbacks in eastern Australia aren't welcome, nor are the mud snails in the Swan River.

Questions

Questions 1-7
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Mud snails in Western Australia

• Mud snails: an Australian native species originally from the 1 __________ part of the country

• Snails contribute to the problem of seaweed replacing healthy vegetation>> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

• Seaweed comes out of the 2 __________ of snails

• Snail waste acts as a 3 __________ and this makes the seaweed problem worse

Examples of unintentional movement of species

• Queensland frogs are transported south along with bananas

• Spiders are often carried in materials for 4 __________

• Seeds are carried when transporting livestock to the coast

Examples of species moving when the landscape changes

• When 5 __________ are built, waterbirds move to the area

• Planting citrus trees attracted 6 __________ to country areas

Examples of deliberate movement of species

• In order to kill snakes, kookaburras were moved to different areas

• Platypuses were taken from the 7 __________ when their numbers dropped there

Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? Choose:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Redback spiders avoid places where there are people.

2. According to current theories, redback spiders originally came to Australia from another country.

3. In Perth, the ancestors of the rainbow lorikeets were originally domesticated animals.

4. Bats are a threat to some native Australian bird species.>> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

5. White terns moved to Lord Howe Island to raise their young.

6. There were more fruit flies in Western Australia than in Queensland in 1989.

• eastern

• shells

• fertiliser

• construction

• dams

• butterflies

• mainland

• FALSE

• FALSE

• TRUE

• NOT GIVEN

• TRUE

• NOT GIVEN

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