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III. The Animal Connection: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test)
Reading Passage: The Animal Connection
Professor of anthropology Pat Shipman looks at the ways in which our relationships with animals have shaped our own human evolution. Travel anywhere and you see something so common it may not even catch your attention. Wherever there are people, animals are being walked, herded and fed.
Many, such as dogs, cats and sheep, are domesticated, but you will also find people living alongside wild creatures like monkeys and wolves. Close contact with animals is not confined to one particular culture, region or ethnic group but is a universal human trait.
On the face of it this makes little sense. No other mammal adopts individuals from another species, with good reason. Since the ultimate prize in evolution is perpetuating your genes, providing food for another species is counterproductive to success. Even if pets offer friendship, that cannot explain why our bond with other species arose in the first place. Who would bring a ferocious wolf into their home in the hope that thousands of years later it would become a loving pet?
As an anthropologist I have tried to understand this puzzle by looking to the past for the origins of our link with animals. What I found was a long and unbroken evolutionary trail of evidence I call the ‘animal connection’. This trail links to three important developments in human evolution: tool making, language and domestication. If I am correct, and I believe that further research will conclusively show that I am, the animal connection is a hugely significant force instrumental in our global success.
The trail begins at least 2.6 million years ago. That is when the first tools appear in the archaeological record. This development required the intellectual breakthrough of realizing that the properties of an object can be altered. Man learnt how to turn stone into small, sharp items that could cut up animal carcasses, providing them with an evolutionary shortcut to becoming predators.>> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
There were many consequences of the new hunting lifestyle. On the plus side, eating more meat and fat was a requirement for the increase in relative brain size. And since meat tends to come in bigger packages than leaves and roots, meat eaters could spend less time finding food and more on activities like learning and social interaction. On the minus side, preying on animals put our ancestors into direct competition with the other predators that shared their ecosystem, animals such as lions and hyenas. To get the upper hand, they needed more than just tools, and that is where the animal connection comes in. What made it possible for our ancestors to compete successfully with true carnivores was the ability to pay very close attention to the habits of both potential prey and competitors. Knowledge was power, so we acquired a deep understanding of the minds of other animals. Another significant consequence of becoming more predatory was the need to live at lower densities, as successful predators soon exhaust food supplies. The record of the geographic distribution of our ancestors provides further support for my idea that the animal connection has shaped our evolution. Early man lived in Africa and nowhere else, but then underwent a dramatic expansion in territory, forced by the search for new hunting grounds.
Throughout the period of these enormous changes in the lifestyle of our ancestors, gathering, sharing and recording knowledge became increasingly advantageous, and examples of prehistoric art that appear in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia allow us to eavesdrop on their conversations. Through the art, we realize the main topic was animals: their colours, shapes, postures and habits. This focus is even more striking considering the scenes of human life depicted. Pictures of people, social interaction and ceremonies are rare.
This leads me on to the development of language. Nobody doubts this proved a major adaptive advantage to our ancestors in developing complex behaviours. How it arose, however, remains a mystery. I believe I am the first to propose a continuity between the strong human-animal link that appeared 2.6 million years ago and the origin of language. The complexity and importance of animal-related information, indicated in the predominance of animal images, spurred early humans to move beyond what other species could achieve. Vervet monkeys, for example, have different cries for eagles and snakes, but they cannot discuss what threats might appear tomorrow. The property of full language is that it is composed of vocabulary and grammatical rules that can be combined in an infinite number of ways to convey fine shades of meaning.
As our ancestors became more involved with animals, the third product of the animal connection appeared: domestication, which has long been linked with keeping animals like sheep. Domestic animals are usually considered as ‘walking larders’, or easy food sources, reflecting the idea that the basis of this change was a drive for greater food security. Looking at the origins of domestication for clues to its underlying reasons, I found fundamental flaws in this idea. Instead, my analysis suggests domestication emerged as a natural progression of our close association with, and understanding of, other species. If domestication was about knowing where your next meal was coming from, the first domesticate ought to have been a food source, yet analysis of fossils shows that the domestication of dogs pre-dated that of any other species, even plants, from wolves. Furthermore, if the objective was to have meat to eat, you wouldn’t select an animal that eats two kilograms of meat a day. It was familiarity with this species that led to eventual domestication.
Questions
Questions 27 - 31:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
Write:
YES - if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO - if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN - if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
Travellers are more likely to notice wild animals than domesticated ones.
All cultures demonstrate a need to have close contact with animals.
Animals benefit from allowing other animal species to share food resources.>> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]
It is unlikely that people initially domesticated wolves for future companionship.
There are periods of human evolution for which we have little information about man’s relationship with animals.
Questions 32 - 36:
Complete the summary using the list of words, A–J, below.
Around 2.6 million years ago, humans became predators after they realized the possibility of object 32 _______. Once humans were hunters, they benefited from better 33 _______ and extra time which could be spent on non-physical activities. However, the more humans came to depend on meat as a food source, the more 34 _______ there was between them and other predators. Humans needed to find an advantage over animals such as lions and hyenas. It wasn’t a spear or knife that gave them this advantage, but the 35 _______ skills that humans began to develop. Then, because humans were such successful predators, they required more 36 _______ and this led to groups of people moving away from Africa.
A. modification
B. competition
C. territory
D. nutrition
E. observation
F. communication
G. domestication
H. cooperation
I. imagination
J. technology
Questions 37 - 40:
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
What is the writer’s main argument in the sixth paragraph?
A. Prehistoric art allows us to date human migration patterns.
B. Early man valued the communication of knowledge about animal behaviour and appearance.
C. There is evidence of big lifestyle differences between early humans in different regions.
D. There was little spoken interaction between different groups of people.>> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?What is the writer doing in the seventh paragraph?
A. rejecting an established theory about human evolution.
B. emphasizing the value of art in language development.
C. expressing doubt about the initial purpose of communication.
D. making a claim about the way that language developed.The writer refers to vervet monkeys in order to?
A. indicate which animal species have a kind of basic language.
B. show how danger is a significant motivation for human communication.
C. highlight the sophistication of human communication.
D. suggest a possible influence on the way early humans interacted.The writer says that the ‘walking larder’ idea
A. fails to explain the purpose of domestication.
B. is true only for domesticated animals.
C. supports the idea the writer proposes.
D. is based on research the writer has carried out.
IV. Dịch bài đọc The Animal Connection
V. Giải thích từ vựng The Animal Connection
VI. Giải thích cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó The Animal Connection
VII. Đáp án The Animal Connection
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
A
D
B
E
C
B
D
C
A
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