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Reading Passage: Back to Wild

The Przewalski Horse is the last wild horse. The horse is named after the Russian colonel Nikolai Przewalski (the name is of Polish origin and “Przewalski” is the Polish spelling). He was the explorer and naturalist who first described the horse in 1881, after having gone on an expedition to find it, based on rumors of its existence. Many of these horses were captured around 1900 by Carl Hagenbeck and placed in zoos. Many of these horses were captured, reproduced and formed today’s population. As noted above, about twelve to fifteen formed today’s population.

The World Wild Fund is supporting the Przewalski Horse project. Przewalski’s horses, named after the Russian explorer who first described them scientifically, were once native to China and travelled freely across the wilds of the Eurasian steppe covering Russia, Mongolia, and Eurasia. But they were driven to the brink of extinction after Przewalski’s 19th-century discovery of the species led to an increase in their appeal. Many were killed or captured and taken to zoos across the world, while others were displaced by human land use. Of the 2,000 Przewalski’s horses left in the world today, only 300 live in the wild, having been part of reintroduction programmes first.>> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Colonel Nikolay Przewalski identified different kind of the horse by using the bones and skins of the horse. They are very difficult to catch and there are only a few that exist in the zoo.

A scientist named Feh first put the horse in a zoo, and then sent them back to the wild. The Causse Méjean landscape in France is quite similar from that in Mongolia where the horse used to live. He spent 6000 hours to do the experiment, to change the nature of the Przewalski horse to attack and fight other horse species. Then Feh took the horse to Mongolia to roam in an area of 13000 hectares grassland once the horse used to live. Feh’s project is also known as “Wild Horse Mesh”.

There are 37 Przewalski Horse in the project, and they are served as genetic reservoir if their species is under threat of extinction. There are three groups of the Przewalski horse in the plan which has been reestablished by Feh.

If Przewalski’s horses breed with domestic horses, they produce fertile hybrids, which has the potential to quickly adulterate the species and undo the work of the project. So, organisers have decided first to place the horses in a fenced-off area to stabilise the population and fend off the risk of losing their gene pool.

The native population declined in the 20th century due to a combination of factors, with the wild population in Mongolia dying out in the 1960s. The last herd was sighted in 1967 and the last individual horse in 1969. Expeditions after this failed to locate any horses, and the species had been designated “extinct in the wild” for over 30 years.

After 1945 only two captive populations in zoos remained, in Munich and in Prague. The most valuable groups, in Askania Nova, Ukraine, were shot by German soldiers during world war two occupation, and the group in the United States had died out. Competitions with livestock, hunting, capture of foals for zoological collections, military activities and harsh winters recorded in 1946, 1948 and 11956 are considered to be the main cause of the decline in the Przewalski’s horse population. By the end of 1950s, only 12 individuals Przewalski’s horses were left in the world.

The species is being introduced into their original habitats after 20 years of extinction in the wild, 20 years of the horse being extinct in the wild as the result of hunting, capture and habitat loss. The decline of pasture in Mongolia is mainly because of grazing pressure. The scientists are now discussing with local people about the horses and protect them together. The success of the reintroduction is monitored through regular health checks and population surveys. These surveys track not only the number of horses but also their social structures and adaptation to the harsh climate. The long-term goal is to establish a self-sustaining population that no longer requires human intervention to survive. This involves ensuring a balanced sex ratio and enough genetic diversity within the wild herds to prevent inbreeding. Conservationists are hopeful that with continued protection and community support, the Przewalski's horse will once again become a permanent feature of the Mongolian steppe.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

Write:
TRUE - if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE - if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN - if there is no information on this

1. The Przewalski horse was the only species Colonel Nikolai Przewalski discovered on his expedition.

2. Carl Hagenbeck's capture of the horses around 1900 directly contributed to the founding of the modern zoo population.

3. The primary reason for the species' decline in the 20th century was a series of severe winters.

4. The project led by scientist Feh initially aimed to reduce the horses' aggressive behavior towards humans.

5. The ultimate aim of the reintroduction project is to create a population that can survive independently.>> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

Questions 6-10

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

The history of the Przewalski horse is marked by a dramatic decline. After being scientifically described in the late 19th century, their appeal grew, leading to many being captured for zoos. By the mid-20th century, the wild population in Mongolia had vanished, with the last confirmed sighting in 6 ______________. Following World War II, the number of captive horses was critically low. Tragically, a valuable group in Ukraine was destroyed by 7 ______________. By the late 1950s, the global population had plummeted to just 8 ______________ individuals, all in captivity. Current reintroduction efforts face challenges, including the risk of the horses breeding with domestic horses to produce 9 ______________, which could dilute the pure gene pool. To mitigate this, initial populations are kept in 10 ______________ areas.>> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

• NOT GIVEN

• TRUE

• FALSE

• FALSE

• TRUE

• 1967

• German soldiers

• 12

• fertile hybrids

• fenced-off

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