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The City of Great Zimbabwe

A The ruins of the city of Great Zimbabwe in Africa are a unique testimony to the civilisation of the Shona people. The Shona word 'zimbabwe' means stone house, but the ruins consist of the largest stone complex in ancient Africa, aside from the monumental architecture of ancient Egypt. Their method of construction is unique to African architecture and, although there are examples of similar work elsewhere, none is as distinguished and imposing as Great Zimbabwe. The city was an important trading centre and has been renowned for centuries. The modern country of Zimbabwe, where the ruins are situated, was named after it, and in 1986 Great Zimbabwe was designated both a national monument and a World Heritage site.

B Great Zimbabwe is located on a plain at an altitude of some 1,100 metres in a sparsely populated region. The city, built between 1100 and 1450 AD, extends over seven square kilometres, and is divided into three areas: the Hill Complex, the Great Enclosure and the Valley Complex. The Hill Complex, forming a huge granite mass on top of a north-south-west-facing ridge, was continuously occupied from the 12th to the 15th century, and traces of human settlements are found in numerous layers. Rough granite rubble-stone blocks form distinct enclosures, accessed by narrow, partly covered passageways. This complex is generally considered a royal city; the west enclosure is thought to have been the residence of successive chiefs and the east enclosure, where six soapstone posts topped with figurines of birds were found, is considered to have served a ritual purpose.

C The Great Enclosure, which is oval shaped, is located to the south of the hills, and dates to the 13th century. The outer walls were built of cut granite blocks, laid in regular courses, and within these walls there are community and living areas, and a narrow passage leading to a high conical tower, which may have functioned as a grain warehouse. Interior walls mark off each family's area, generally comprising a kitchen, two living huts and a yard. Huts were made of mud bricks, composed of a mix of granitic sand and clay. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

D The Valley Complex, which dates back to the 15th century, is a living quarter scattered throughout the valley. Each one has similar character: many of the structures (mud-brick huts, indoor flooring, benches, basins, etc) and dry stone walls provide insulation. Construction work was carried out to a high standard of craftsmanship, incorporating an impressive display of V-shaped and chevron wall decorations.

E Scientific research has shown that Great Zimbabwe was founded around 1100 on a site which had been sparsely occupied in the prehistoric period by the Shona. By the 14th century, it was the principal city of a major state extending over the gold-rich area; its population exceeded 10,000. However, in about 1450 the capital was abandoned. The reasons for this are debated, but suggestions include a shortage of food for the overpopulated city and deforestation. The resulting migration benefited Khami, which then became the capital in the region, and signalled Great Zimbabwe’s waning political power.

F Archaeological excavations at Great Zimbabwe have revealed glass beads and porcelain from China and Persia, and gold and coins from the Indian Ocean island of Kilwa, which testify to long-standing trade with the outer world. Other evidence, including fragments of pottery and a monumental granite cross, located at a traditionally revered and sacred site, suggests contact with Christian missionaries.

G In the late 19th century, numerous stone figurines in the form of birds were found mounted on columns, buried among the ruins. These are testimony to the use of these as a place of worship from the 12th century to the present day. The birds, which had some human features, were subsequently described as the Zimbabwe Birds, and a design based on them became a national symbol, incorporated into the Zimbabwe flag and shown in other prestigious contexts. Despite the importance of these, the site has suffered some deterioration due to variations in temperature and soil moisture content, as well as pressure from tourism, encroaching invasive vegetation, and incorrect preservation methods. These would benefit if attention was given to conservation techniques and the materials used, as well as to the need for conservation standards that are an international benchmark, but which are balanced with the traditional activities taking place there. The site has been legally protected since 1923, and today is managed by the Zimbabwean Ministry of Home Affairs. Funding for the management and conservation of the site comes mainly from central government, with limited revenue generated by the sale of publications and charging an entrance fee. >> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once.

1. A list of factors which have resulted in some damage to Great Zimbabwe.

2. Proof of the former commercial significance of Great Zimbabwe.

3. An indication of the global importance attached to Great Zimbabwe nowadays.

4. An overview of the layout of the archaeological site.

5. A reference to the quality of comparable buildings in other places.

6. Theories about the eventual desertion of Great Zimbabwe.

Questions 20-23
Look at the following aspects of Great Zimbabwe and the list of areas below.
Match each aspect with the correct area, A, B or C.
NB You may use any letter more than once. >> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

1. Its outer walls are curved.

2. Part of it may have been used for ceremonies.

3. Some of its buildings feature geometric patterns.

4. Includes a structure that could have stored grain.

List of Areas

• A Hill Complex

• B Great Enclosure

• C Valley Complex

Questions 24-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

1. An image based on the bird sculpture found at Great Zimbabwe now appears on the national __________.

2. The impact of tourism on Great Zimbabwe, as well as that of __________, needs to be carefully managed.

3. All of Great Zimbabwe’s income comes from selling tickets and __________.

14. G
15. F
16. A
17. B
18. A
19. E
20. B
21. A
22. C
23. B
24. flag
25. vegetation
26. publications

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