IELTS TUTOR cung cấp Traditional Farming in Zambia’s Luapula Province Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm đáp án, dịch & giải thích từ vựng - cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó & GIẢI ĐÁP ÁN VỚI LOCATION

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READING PASSAGE 1

*You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.*

Traditional Farming in Zambia’s Luapula Province

By tradition land in Luapula Province is not owned by individuals, but, as in many other parts of Africa, is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, a single family group cannot take on a very large area, so land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. However, that situation has already changed near the main towns, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the river valley. In both these areas, registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.

Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula Province is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are pollarded (pollarding: removing the tops of tree branches) rather than felled, so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of land of varying size early in the dry season, and then stacked to dry out. The wood is fired before the onset of the rains, and in the first year the area is planted with the African cereal called finger millet. The grain of this crop is used to brew local drinks such as cipumu, which contribute several vitamins of the B complex to people’s diet. Cipumu is also used in cementing reciprocal working relationships (Pottier 1985).

During the second year, and possibly for a few years more, the area is planted with various combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, beans, and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with the vegetable cassava, which is often planted next to the last but one crop before this is harvested. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labour; men and women perform different tasks. The men stake out plots in an unobtrusive manner, since it is considered provocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is also the men’s province: branches are then stacked by women and fired by men. Women and men cooperate in the planting work, but the harvesting is always done by women.

At the beginning of the citemene cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds, but as the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted, to a point where further effort with annual crops is not worthwhile. At this point cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on soil which is almost exhausted. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area is pollarded for the next cycle.

When forest is not available, a situation which is increasingly the case nowadays, a series of ridges is built, in which combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes are then planted, usually followed by cassava. These plots are normally tended by women, and provide subsistence.

Where their roots have year-round access to water, mango, guava and oil-palm trees are often grown around houses, forming a traditional agro-forestry system, and some of the fruit from these is sold by the roadside or in local markets. In addition, local varieties of rice are sometimes planted in waterlogged ground during the rainy season. Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula than crop husbandry. It provides a much needed protein supplement to the diet, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to overfishing (Huckaby 1979).

Regarding animal husbandry, only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. The resulting absence of animal power for pulling machinery greatly limits people’s ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare an area of more than half a hectare by hand-hoeing. However, most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies, or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a standard part of most people’s diet.

Until recently citemene has been an ingenious system for providing seasonal, high-quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency has been that of protein. However, this could be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the valley, or could find a source of dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the woodland regions, and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. >> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

Although population densities are still much lower today than in many other parts of the world, neither the fisheries nor the woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the expanding population in a sustainable manner. For instance, even in a normal season diets suffer from a lack of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. It will therefore be necessary in future to intensify and diversify productive systems.

Questions 1-5

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1. In Luapula Province, land has traditionally been given to people on the basis of .........

2. The citemene system involves planting crops in the .......... of wood.

3. In the citemene system .......... is the last crop to be planted.

4. In areas without trees, crops are planted in a ..........

5. If conditions are right, fruit trees may be planted near .......... >> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

 Questions 6-9

Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9) and the list of animals below. Match each statement with the correct animal, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1. They yield the biggest profits for farmers.

2. They may be consumed on special occasions.

3. Because of insect pests they do not thrive.

4. They are often preserved and sold outside the local area.

List of Animals

A. fish
B. goats
C. oxen

1. need
2. ashes
3. cassava
4. series of ridges
5. houses
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A

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