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READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11

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Helen Phillips asks what makes one person more creative than another

People have speculated about their own creativity for centuries-perhaps ever since we became able to think about thinking, whatever creativity, it is thinking at its highest level, creativity is a way of coming up with new ideas and new ways of doing things. The only bit of the creative process we actually know about is the moment of insight, yet creative ideas and projects may incubate beyond our awareness for months. Not surprising, then, that creativity has long eluded scientific study.

In the early 1970, it was still seen as a type of intelligence. But when more subtle tests of IQ and creative skills were developed in the 1970, particular by the father of creative testing, Paul Torrance, it became clear that the link was not so simple. Creative people are intelligent, in terms of IQ tests at least, but only averagely or just above. While it depends on the discipline, in general, having beyond a certain level IQ does not help boost creativity.

Because of the difficulty of studying the actual process, most early attempts to study creativity concentrated on personality. According to creativity specialist Mark Runco at California State University, the creative personality tends to place a high value on aesthetic qualities and have broad interests, providing lots of resources to draw on and knowledge to recombine into novel solutions. “Creatives have an attraction to complexity and an ability to handle conflict. They are also highly self-motivated, perhaps even a little obsessive, when it comes to realising their ambitions.

But there may be a price to pay for having a creative personality. For centuries, a link has been made between creativity and mental illness. Psychiatrist and author Kay Redfield Jamison of Johns Hopkins University, who herself has bipolar disorder, found that established artists are significantly more likely to have mood disorders. But she also suggests that a switch of mood state might be the key to triggering a creative event, rather than the negative mood itself.

Jordan Peterson, a psychologist at the University of Toronto, has carried out work that ‘suggest that the brains of creative people are more open to incoming stimuli than less creative types. Our senses are continually feeding a mass of data into our brains, which have to block most of it to save us from being snowed under. Peterson calls this process latent inhibition and argues that people who have less of it, and who have a reasonably high IQ, can juggle more of the data, and so may be open more ideas.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

But what of the creative act itself? One of the first studies of the creative brain at work was by Colin Martindale, a psychologist from the University of Maine. Back in 1978, he used a network of scalp electrodes to record the pattern of brain waves as people made up stories. Creativity, he showed, has two stages: inspiration and elaboration, each characterized by very different states of mind. While people were dreaming up their stories, he found their brains were surprisingly quiet. The dominant activity was alpha waves, which is the same sort of brain activity as in some stages of dreaming or rest. This could explain why sleep and relaxation can help people be creative.

However, when these quiet-minded people were asked to work on their stories, the alpha wave activity dropped off and the brain became busier, revealing increased cortical arousal, and more organised thinking, strikingly, it was the people who showed the biggest difference in brain activity between the two stages who produced the most creative storylines. Nothing in their background brain activity marked them as creative or uncreative. ‘It’s as if the less creative person can’t move up a gear,’ says Guy Claxton, a psychologist at the University of Bristol. ‘Creativity requires different kinds of thinking. Very creative people move between these states intuitively.’

Researchers are now trying to identify some of the specific anatomy of creativity. Brain studies of people with particular types of creative show, perhaps not surprisingly, that active areas are determined by the specialist knowledge being used. Imagery, spatial awareness, language and so on-what-ever the skill, it is limited to some extent to a particular brain part or parts. But it’s not just these specialist areas that are active. Using information creatively needs coordination. ‘Creative synthesis requires a new pattern, to put the brain in a state where many areas are simultaneously active,’ says Claxton. When we concentrate in a less creative way such as when reading the gas bill, there are fewer active centres and less synthesis.

But to be truly creative needs more than just the right personality and the right brain areas and networks. It’s about using them efficiently. Skills, situations and resources we are born with shape our creativity just as dramatically as the brain rhythms of the das the weekends and the holidays to help alter focus and brain state. They may spend two hours at their desk, then go for a walk, because they know that pattern works for them.

Another often forgotten aspect of creativity is social. Vera John-Steiner of the University of New Mexico says that to be really creative you need strong social networks and trusting relationships, not just active neural networks. One vital characteristic of a ‘creative’, she says, is that they have at least one other person in their life who doesn’t think they are completely mad!

Questions 27-32

Look at the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

27 Creative people are receptive to the immense amounts of information that the brain has to deal with.

28 Creativity requires numerous parts of the brain to be active at the same time.

29 Creative people engage in, and are well informed about, a wide range of subjects.

30 Creative people may have unstable personalities.

31 Creative people are driven to achieve the goals they set themselves.

32 Creative people need support from others.

Questions 33-36

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Colin Martindale carried out research into the creative brain at work. For his study, volunteers had a series of 33 ……… placed on their heads which were used to monitor brain activity while they made up stories. Martindale demonstrated that creativity consisted of 34 ……… and ……… phases. In the first of these, the brain was mostly inactive except for 35 ……… and this corresponds to what takes place during dreaming or relaxation. In the second phase, when the volunteers worked on their stories, however, their brains became a lot busier. Interestingly, the most creative stories were produced by those volunteers with the greatest 36 ……… in brain activity between the two phases.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

37 People with very high IQs are more likely to be creative than those with average IQs.

38 Society tends to value aesthetic skills highly.>> tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

39 There can be disadvantages to having a creative personality.

40 Language skills are more important than spatial awareness in any form of creativity.

Questions 27–32:
27. D
28. F
29. B
30. C
31. B
32. G

Questions 33–36:
33. electrodes
34. inspiration and elaboration
35. alpha waves
36. difference

Questions 37–40:
37. FALSE
38. NOT GIVEN
39. TRUE
40. FALSE

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