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READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

Sleep-who needs it?

It appears that some animals can survive on remarkably little sleep could this also be the case for humans.

1. As any new parent knows, the first months of an infant's life mean little sleep for the family. But humans have it easy compared to orcas, also known as killer whales. University of California, Los Angeles, neuroscientist Jerome Siegel and post-doctorate fellow Oleg Lyamin have found that for the first month after giving birth, killers whale mothers and their calves do not experience normal sleep at all, and neither stops moving for more than a few minutes at a time. 'These sleep patterns contrast with those of most other mammals, which need extra sleep during infancy and gradually sleep less as they age, while orcas are never as active as in the first months of life,' Siegel says. The young orcas' movement and wakefulness help them keep their body temperature constant until mass and blubber insulation develop and allow for frequent respiration. Meanwhile the mothers of newborn orcas must constantly look out for sharks, while teaching the calves to breath.

1.  According to Siegel, the results of his orca study fundamentally change our view of sleep. 'It has often been said that sleep is necessary for an animal's primary development, particularly that of the brain,' Siegel says. 'But here we have a creature which grows one of the largest brains in the animal kingdom, and yet it is doing this without sleep.' All mammals and birds appear to need sleep, but scientists are unsure if reptiles and fish do. 'When you come downstairs at three in the morning, the goldfish isn't lying on the bottom of the bowl, it's swimming around,' Siegel says. But other scientists believe fish do enter a restful dormant state that is at least similar to sleep.

1. Some animals die without proper sleep, and experiments have shown that sleep deprivation can cause death more quickly than food deprivation. Two weeks without sleep can kill laboratory rats. Sleep is clearly important, but what determine how much we sleep, and when? Siegel thinks that the sleep an animal needs is dictated less by biological functions than by the animal's environmental niche. Availability of food is a major factor. The long rest typical of bats, for example, helps the animas to economize on energy. 'if a bat eats insects for only three hours in the evening, then maybe the best thing is to go hang in a cave upside down for the rest of the day.' Siegel says.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR     

1. Sleep is not the same for all creatures. In dolphin's half the brain may rest while the other half stays vigilantly awake, and the animal carries on everyday activities. Dolphins sleep literally with one eye closed-the eye on the opposite side of the body to the dozing brain hemisphere, since the right brain hemisphere works the left eye and vice versa. However, for unknown reasons, closed eyes seem to be a virtually universal prerequisite for sleep.

1. Neuroscientist Clifford Saper of the Harvard Medical School has located a small area at the base of the brain called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus that sends chemical signals to other parts of the brain during sleep to slow those brain parts down and determines the best sleep budget for the animal. It is flexible, able to reverse the normal nocturnal habits of a rodent to make it sleep at night, if day is the only time the rodent can find what it needs to eat. According to Saper, evidence suggest that for restoring tried muscles or any other body system, sleep is no more effective than a comparable period of wakeful resting - except for one critical organ, the brain. The human brain apparently cannot do without sleep. Studies show that prolonged wakefulness leads to degradation of memory, alertness, coordination and judgment.

1. Nevertheless, studies of species exhibiting 'natural models of sleep deprivation,' as psychologist Verner Bingman of Ohio's Bowling Green State University calls them, may allow researchers to provide us with new methods for adapting to limited sleep without losing effectiveness. 'We could live 20-hour lives instead of 12- or 14 hours lives, ' says Bingman, who is studying the behavior of the migratory birds Swainson's thrushes, which for migration purposes, go from a normal night's sleep of 10 to 12 hours down to about 2.5 hours so they can fly at night. To handle the energy output of the long journey they must nearly double the amount of fat in their bodies. They have to switch from a diet of seeds to one of fruits and insects, which they must search for during the day, so further limiting their sleep time.

1. Bingman and doctoral student Thomas Fuchs have discovered that during morning and midday hours the thrushes enter phases of drowsiness, during which they take as many as 50 micro naps per hours, most of them lasting about 10 to seconds. When brain waves are measured, these napping behaviors look very much like normal sleep. Says Bingman, "The trick would be to develop techniques or drugs that could recreate a similar brain pattern in humans. 'Saper, however, disagree. 'The trick would be to develop techniques or drugs that could recreate a similar brain pattern in humans. 'Saper, however, disagree. 'The effect of 20 hours of wakefulness on driving is the equivalent of two shots of whiskey,' he warns. 'Sleep deprivation is unfortunately a major cause of death in the US in young adults, who have a very high crash rate between 3 and 6 am.' He thinks we are dreaming if we think we're ever going to get by on as little sleep as newborn orcas or migrating thrushes

Questions 14-17
 

Look at the following findings (Questions 14-17) and the list of researchers below. Match each finding with the correct researcher A, B or C
 

NB You may use any letter more than once

14 the physiological mechanism which controls the body's sleep patterns
 

15 an observation that some creatures may have no need for sleep
 

16 data indicating the dangers of extended periods of sleeplessness

17 an animal behaviour which could serve as a basis for modifying human sleep pattern

Questions 18-23
 

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.>> tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?
Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

18 Movement and wakefulness in young orcas assist them in maintaining ________

19 New orca mothers need to be awake in order to protect their young from ________

20 Sleep deprivation experiments on ________ have shown that animals die without adequate sleep

21 Scientists have not yet worked out why almost all animals sleep with ________

22 For humans, sleep is vital for the efficient functioning of the ________
23 During periods of ________ Swainson's thrushes experience severe sleep deprivation

Questions 14–17: Match each finding with the correct researcher

1. B (Clifford Saper)

2. A (Jerome Siegel)

3. A (Jerome Siegel)

4. C (Verner Bingman)

Questions 18–23: Complete the sentences

1. body temperature

2. sharks

3. rats

4. closed eyes

5. brain

6. migration

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