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The Conservation of Rare Species

When says that a bird or a plant is rare, he or she may mean one of several different things (Harper 1981, Rabinowitz 1981). The concept of rarity can refer to one of the characteristica: geographic range, habitat specificity, or local populations, and a classification based on the interplay between these variables yields event types of arty For example, certain species may be locally abundant over a wide geographic range, but found in only a very specific habitat, whilst others may be found in several habitat, but only in small numbers and in a geographically restricted area. We must therefore recognise that the kinds of management which will be appropriate for protecting species fated with incon will vary

Classic rare species are often those which have a small geographic range and narrow habitat specificity. Many plants of this type are restricted endemics, and an often endangered or threatened (Rabinowitz 1981). Other rare species have very large geographic ranges and occur widely in different habitats but are always at low density. These species are ecologically interesting but almost never appear on its of endangered species. So the important point is that not all are species are problems for conservadonists

The reasons why a particular species is rare vary. In some cases we can observe a species declining over time-for example, the African elephant population since 1950. This is a direct rest of ivory poaching (Caughley et al. 1990). But not all spaces that have declined to rarily are so well understood. Some plant and animal species undergo bursts of colonisation and decay so that they part as a mosaic of increasing and declining populations (Harper 1981) >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

For species with small geographic ranges or row habitat specify we must be concerned with the spatial distribution of the population. The number or of habitable may be too small, and this could be one on the species is rare. Or, if there are many habitables that are not occupied, a species may be due to dispersal powers. Within hablablatex, competition from other species, predation, disse o social interactions may restrict abundance. One example that some of these factors is the red-cockaded woodpecker The red-cockaded woodpecker is an endangered species of bind endemic toate parts of the United States of America. It was once abundant from New Jersey in the north to Teas in the south, and from the coast inland fra Missouri, but it is now nearly adinct in the northem and inland parts of its geographic range. The red-cockaded woodpecker is adapted to pin avans, but most of this woodland has been destroyed for agriculture and timber production. The bird feed on insects and meat in cavities in old pine trees, and because old pines have been mostly cut down, their available habitats have been reduced (Waters 1991).

Designing a recovery programme for the red-cockaded woodpecker has been complicated by the social organisation of the species. The birds live in groups of breeding pair and up to four helpers, nearly all males. Helpers do not breed but assist in incubation and feeding. Young birds have a choice of dispersing or staying to help inbreeding group. If they stay, they become breeders by inheriting breeding state on the death of older bids. Helpers may wat many years before they acquire breeding status

From a consenation wewpoint, the problem is that re-cockaded woodpeckers compete for breeding vacancies in existing groups, rather than forming new groups and occupying abandoned terris, or starting site. The key problem is the excavation of new breeding cavities. Because of the energy and time needed, typically several years, birds are better off competing for existing tries the building new ones >> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

To beat this idea, Walters (1991) and his colleagues artificially constructed cavities in trees at 20stes in the young pine forests of North Carolina. The results were dramatic-18 of 20 sites were colonised by red-cockaded woodpeckers and new breeding groups were formed only on areas where artificial cavities were drilled. This experiment showed clearly that much stable habitat is not occupied by this woodpecker because of a shortage of cavities. Therefore, management of this endangered species was not directed at reducing mortality of the birds, but instead focused on physical characteristics of their ch

The rescue of the red-cockaded woodpecker is a good sample of how succesat conservation biology depends on identifying and alleviating limiting factors. However, there can be no general prescription for rescuing rare species. Detailed information on resource requirements, social organisation, and dispersal powers are required before recovery plans can be specified.

Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27 What does the writer say about rarity?
A There is more than one criterion for defining
B There is a cause of dispute ruturalists
C Applies to only a very small number of species.
D Is a phenomenon which has been widely reached

28 What does the writer say about the threat of extinction?
A All types of rarity present a proble
B Few plant species are known to be
C Low density by itself does not endanger speci

29 Which of the following makes it difficult for the red-cockaded woodpecker to increase in number?
A A proportion of male bart
B Birds leave the parental resol
C There is too much competition for food.
D Individuals may not bread for veral years

30 What was the basis of the recovery programme for the red-cockaded woodpecker?
A Birds were bred in captivity
B Nesting holes were created
C Pine forests were planted.
D Food supplements were provided. >> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

Questions 31-37
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Page 37
in boxes 31-37, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

31 Species with various habitat types are not necessarily widely distributed.
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

32 The rate of decline of the African elephant has slowed down
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

33 The cause of rarity are generally easy to establish
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

32 The rate of decline of the African elephant has slowed down
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

33 The causes of rarity are generally easy to establish
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

34 The traditional habitat of the red-cockaded woodpecker has been destroyed by human activity.
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

35 The red-cockaded woodpecker prefers to leave its nest before breeding.
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

36 Usually takes years for the red-cockaded woodpecker to make a nesting hole.
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

37 The projectores the coded woodpecker is ongoing
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

Questions 38-39
Answer the questions.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

38 What does the red-cockaded woodpecker feed on?

39 Which TWO parental tasks do the helper woodpeckers perform? (Write both words)
________________________ and ________________________

Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

What is the writer’s purpose?
A Alert the reader to the plight of the red-cockaded woodpecker.
B Explain how Walters’s recovery programme can be applied to other species.
C Cite the factors that must be considered when dealing with rarity
D Persuade readers that rarity is a neglected ecological issue.

27. A

28. C

29. D

30. B

31. TRUE

32. NOT GIVEN

33. FALSE

34. TRUE

35. FALSE

36. TRUE

37. NOT GIVEN

38. insects

39. incubation and feeding

40. C
 

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