IELTS TUTOR cung cấp The history of the Celtic language Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm đáp án, dịch & giải thích từ vựng - cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó & GIẢI ĐÁP ÁN VỚI LOCATION
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III. The history of the Celtic language: Đề luyện tập IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Practice Test)
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The history of the Celtic language
A. In November 1897, in a field near the village of Coligny in eastern France, a local inhabitant unearthed two strange objects. One was an imposing statue of Mars, the Roman god of war. The other was an ancient bronze tablet, 1.5 metres wide and 1 metre high. It bore numerals in Roman but the words were in Gaulish, a version of the Celtic language spoken by the inhabitants of France before the Roman conquest in the first century BC. The tablet turned out to be one of the most important sources of words from this extinct language.
B. Two researchers, geneticist Dr Peter Forster and linguist Dr Alfred Toth, have now used the calendar and other Celtic inscriptions to reconstruct the history of Celtic and its position in the Indo-European family of languages. They say that Celtic became a language in its own right and entered the British Isles much earlier than supposed. Then in the first century BC, the Romans defeated the Celts, both in France and in Britain, so decisively that their language, Latin, and its successor languages displaced Celtic over much of its former territory. In the British Isles, Celtic speakers survived in two main groups: the Goidelic branch of Celtic, which includes Irish and Scots Gaelic, and the Brythonic branch, formed mainly of Welsh and Breton, a Celtic tongue carried to Brittany in France by emigrants from Cornwall.
C. Because languages change so fast, historical linguists have little faith in language trees that go back more than a few thousand years. Dr Forster has developed a new dating method for relating a group of languages, basing it on the tree-drawing techniques used to trace the evolutionary relationships among genes. The method will work on just a handful of words, a fortunate circumstance since only some 30 Gaulish words have known counterparts in all the other languages under study. Dr Forster and Dr Toth have used the method to draw up a tree relating the different branches of Celtic to one another and to other Indo-European languages like English, French, Spanish, Latin and Greek. In a published article, they say that soon after the ancestral Indo-European language arrived in Europe over 5,000 years ago, it split into different branches leading to Celtic, Latin, Greek and English. Within Celtic, their tree shows that Gaulish — the mainland European version of the language — separated from its Goidelic and Brythonic cousins, much as might be expected from the facts of geography. >> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
D. The researchers' method even dates the points at which their language tree divides, although the dates have a wide range of possibility. They calculate that the Indo-European language initially fragmented in Europe around 8100 BC, plus or minus 1,900 years, and the divergence between the mainland European and British versions of Gaelic took place in 3200 BC, plus or minus 1,500 years. These dates are much earlier than previously estimated. ‘The traditional date of the Indo-European fragmentation has been 4000 BC for some time,’ said linguist Dr Merritt Ruhlen. He said the new method ‘seems pretty reasonable’ and should be useful in tracing back the earlier history of the Indo-European language.
E. Specialists have long debated which country was the homeland of the Indo-Europeans and whether their language was spread by conquest or because its speakers were the first agriculturists whose methods and tongue were adopted by other populations. The second theory, that it was spread by agriculture, has been advocated by archaeologist Dr Colin Renfrew. Dr Forster, who works with Dr Renfrew, said in an interview that the suggested date 8100 BC for the arrival of Indo-European in Europe does seem to vindicate Renfrew's archaeological idea that the Indo-European languages were spread by farmers. Agriculture started to arrive in Europe from the Near East around 6000 BC, which is earlier than the traditional date proposed by linguists for the spread of Indo-European. This writing would fit with the lower end of Dr Forster's range of dates.
F. Dr Forster said that his estimated date of 3200 BC for the arrival of Celtic speakers in the British Isles is also much earlier than the usual date, 600 BC, posited on the basis of archaeological evidence. Dr Forster and Dr Toth said their method of evaluating groups of languages against each other was similar to historical linguists, many of whom restrict their research to how words in only one single language have changed over time. Asked what linguists thought of his approach he said: ‘To be honest, they don't understand it, most of them. They don't even know what I'm talking about.’ The method used by Dr Forster and Dr Toth has two parts. One is to draw a tree on the basis of carefully chosen words; the second is to date the splits in the tree by calibrating them with known historical events. This is similar to the way geneticists date their evolutionary trees by tying one or more branch points to known dates from the fossil record.
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G. Dr April McMahon, a linguist at the University of Sheffield in England, said that Dr Forster's method ‘seems to me to be a good start’, and that it was reasonable to base a language family tree on just a handful of well-chosen words. She had less confidence in the dating method, she said, because language changes in an irregular way based on social factors like the size of the speaker's group and its degree of contact with others.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. a difference of opinion about where a group of languages originated
15. a reference to a mythological figure
16. an expression of one person's doubt about a particular method of analysing scientific data
17. an explanation of how one particular Celtic language spread due to the movement of people
18. the reason why some language experts distrust language trees
Questions 19-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher or researchers, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D., in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
19. An approach commonly used in language research has too narrow a focus.
20. The number of people who use a language has an effect on the modifications the language undergoes.
21. The Celtic language has been a distinct language for longer than experts previously thought.
22. The use of one family of languages may have become more extensive due to farming practices. >> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?
List of Researchers
A Dr Peter Forster & Dr Alfred Toth
B Dr Merritt Ruhlen
C Dr Colin Renfrew
D Dr April McMahon
Questions 23-26
Complete the sentence below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23. The script on the bronze tablet discovered in Coligny in France was written in a form of Celtic called __________.
24. After the success of the Roman Empire in conquering many parts of Europe, __________ and its related languages became the predominant languages.
25. According to Forster and Toth, there was a division between the mainland European and the British versions of the Gaelic language around 3200 BC.
26. For social reasons, developments in languages are __________.
IV. Dịch bài đọc The history of the Celtic language
V. Giải thích từ vựng The history of the Celtic language
VI. Giải thích cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó The history of the Celtic language
VII. Đáp án The history of the Celtic language
14. E
15. A
16. G
17. B
18. C
19. A
20. D
21. A
22. C
23. Gaulish
24. Latin
25. divergence
26. irregular
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