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Reading Passage: Living with Uncertainty

Lessons from nature in Australia

Why do pelicans in Australia fly thousands of kilometres from the coast to inland areas where there has been recent rain, even though they didn’t see it fall? They somehow “know” that this is the moment to leave the coast and fly to distant places in order to breed. In the centre of Australia they find huge lakes where there is normally desert. Such knowledge is becoming increasingly essential to their survival. Pelicans must now co-exist with people who drain or pollute wetlands and lakes much closer to their coastal roots. They need to know where other wetlands are, where they can find resources to breed and feed their hungry chicks.

Pelicans have evolved to work with the boom-and-bust, the resource-rich and the resource-poor cycle of the Australian desert. They have adapted to the world’s most erratic climate, inland Australia. They can find and exploit its resources just as well as the people who now dominate the coastal ecosystems of the country have changed the resources available there dramatically.

Pelicans are not the only birds that have adapted to both the people and climate of Australia. In a land where floods and droughts are natural parts of a bigger ecological cycle, what is essential for the survival of birds (and other animals and plants) are not regular rains but rather being able to stretch out their resources for the length of time between big flooding events.>> 🔥 Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

They need to seize the opportunities offered by booms and stay within the constraints of lean times. They must respect the whole boom-and-bust system. Drought is normal in Australia. In the arid lands it contains, “normal” ecosystems do not follow annual seasons as they do in other parts of the world, but rather thrive after rare rain events.

Flowers, seeds, baby birds and other animals all follow at different times after the events, but the boom produces activity, and then inactivity. During the long dry times between booms, the natural systems wait. The length of the wait is variable: there are no regular seasons in parts of Australia. The survival of creatures depends on how well they can adapt: how long they can wait and cope with the uncertainty of the wait, and then how quickly they can respond to opportunity, if and when it arises. Some birds, like the pelicans, adapt and cope with the uncertainties of never knowing when the boom will return. What is more, they must learn to adapt to new factors because humans have made great changes to the Australian landscape.

The first wave of humans arrived about 55,000 years ago. These Aboriginal people lit fires to drive out the wildlife and make it easier to hunt. This application of fire changed not only the animals, but also the vegetation patterns of the landscape. Fires expanded the food sources available to birds, as well as other animals. The huge duck-like bird, the genyornis, learned that it is better not to be fussy about food. However, it seems too particular about what it would eat. It died out about 45,000 years ago, probably because its preferred food, saltbush, was increasingly replaced by grasslands and open eucalypt woodlands. Without its preferred food in large quantities, the genyornis did not survive. But the emu, another big bird that lived in some of the same places, in the Australian desert, adapted. It seized on available food sources, and learned to eat them.>> 🔥 Nhắn zalo 0905834420 join group zalo Hóng đề thi máy 4 skills để cập nhật đề thi thật 4 kĩ năng hằng ngày [Kèm giải & đề làm online]

Changing its feeding patterns ensured its survival. Then the second wave of humans arrived just over 200 years ago and introduced European farming to the wide expanses of inland Australia. The adaptable emu discovered a taste for wheat and ate it with enthusiasm, much to the chagrin of Western Australian farmers, who declared an Emu War in 1932. In Queensland, emus ate prickly pear and spread its seeds far and wide, making farmers unhappy there too because they considered it a problem. The opportunist emu added to the woes of the new human arrivals, who were trying to make a European-style living from a country so unlike Europe.

In the northern hemisphere, where most of Australia’s economic and many of its agricultural models came from, nature follows historical certainty: harvests will return with the movement of the sun each year: spring brings new growth, autumn, harvests. Global and national financial systems are built on this certainty, mostly in the north. This was built up from the seasonal agricultural past of northern hemisphere nations. This predictable cycle stands in stark contrast to the inherent variability of the Australian environment, where success depends not on anticipating a fixed schedule, but on resilience and the ability to capitalize on irregular, unpredictable opportunities.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?

Write:
TRUE - if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE - if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN - if there is no information on this

1. Pelicans begin their journey inland after they have observed the rain falling in the desert.

2. Human activity has degraded some of the pelicans' traditional coastal habitats.

3. The "boom-and-bust" cycle describes a period of resource abundance followed by a period of scarcity.

4. The genyornis became extinct because it could not compete with the emu for food.

5. The emu is presented as an example of an animal that successfully adapted its diet.

6. European farmers found the emu helpful in controlling the spread of the prickly pear plant.>> 🔥 IELTS TUTOR gợi ý tham khảo CẦN VIẾT & THU ÂM BAO NHIÊU BÀI ĐỂ ĐẠT 8.0 SPEAKING & 7.0 WRITING?

7. The agricultural models imported from the northern hemisphere were well-suited to Australia's climate patterns.

Questions 8-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The Australian landscape has been shaped by two major waves of human settlement. The first, Aboriginal people, used 8 .................... to manage the environment for hunting. This led to the extinction of the 9 ...................., a large bird that was too selective in its diet. In contrast, the emu survived due to its dietary flexibility. The second wave introduced 10 ...................., and the emu adapted to this change by consuming crops such as 11 .................... in Western Australia. In Queensland, the bird exacerbated farmers' problems by eating and spreading the seeds of the 12 .................... . The fundamental challenge for these new settlers was applying a European economic model, based on predictable 13 ...................., to a continent defined by ecological uncertainty.

27–30
27. YES
28. NO
29. NOT GIVEN
30. YES

31–35
31. D
32. D
33. C
34. B
35. A

36–40
36. C
37. E
38. A
39. B
40. D

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